Millions of shells were fired during the Great War, thus creating vast dumps of discarded shell casings, which were commonly reused to create trench art. In World War II, the widespread use of armored fighting vehicles (AFV), close air support and motorization mitigated the effects of hostile artillery fire by restoring mobility to the battlefield. At the end of the war, statistics indicated that artillery shells were the greatest source of injury and death on the world war battlefields. Major improvements in tactics and technology ensured the dominance of the artillery arm throughout the war. After the start of the world war, the artillery arm established its primacy on the battlefield, forcing a fundamental change in the tactics of the time. Star or illumination shells were exploded at a height by a time fuse and deployed a magnesium flare suspended from a small parachute, which cast a strong light on the nighttime battlefield.īefore August 1914, artillery was viewed as a useful adjunct to the decisive infantry and cavalry arms. Smoke shells carried a chemical payload that would emit smoke after detonation, and were often employed with gas and HE shells to amplify suppressive effects on enemy artillery spotters and machine gunners. Two additional types of chemical shells were developed during the war, smoke and star shells. By spring 1918, short but intense barrages of gas and HE shells were routinely employed to suppress hostile artillery positions, forward observers and command posts. Later in the war, the Germans developed a unitary shell combining a high explosive and shrapnel matrix with a secondary mustard gas payload. Germany went one step further by developing a sulfur mustard gas shell which was well suited for suppression and area denial employment. Advances in respirator technology led in turn to the development of deadlier phosgene derivatives. They incorporated thinner walls and a bursting charge for better dispersion. Specialized gas shells were soon developed and sealed for safer handling. In mid-1916, France produced the first gas shells by filling explosive shell casings with irritant and chlorine payloads. The improvements in shell performance were matched with improvements in propellants and gun design that increased the range of guns and howitzers. In time, technical hurdles were overcome and gunners began receiving new generation HE rounds incorporating trinitrotoluene (TNT) fillers, better engineered shell casings, and instantaneous fuses – all greatly improving the blast and fragmentation effects on enemy fortifications and wire obstacles. Attempts to use long bombardments to overcome shell limitations proved counterproductive, as the resulting craters and debris hindered the maneuvers of the infantry. For their super-heavy siege artillery, over 280mm in diameter, the Germans and Austrians employed concrete piercing shells with a time-delay fuse, designed to penetrate and explode inside hostile reinforced concrete fortresses.Īdvances in Shell Technology and Employment ↑ĭespite having sent observers to the Russo-Japanese War, the European armies were surprised to find their prewar shells, particularly shrapnel, were insufficient to destroy earthworks and cut wire obstacles. Besides shrapnel, the German army produced unitary shells filled with a matrix of high explosives and shot. The picric acid high explosive (HE) shell, employed principally for reducing fortifications through blast effect, was triggered by a time or impact fuse. Timed properly, shrapnel shells would cut through exposed enemy troops with an explosion of shot. The most common type of shell fielded by the prewar Allied armies was shrapnel, a hollow steel projectile filled with metallic shot and a gunpowder bursting charge, exploded by a time fuse. Shell Technology and Employment pre-1914 ↑ Regardless of type, mortars used a less powerful propellant charge, which allowed for a thinner walled shell with a proportionally larger payload than artillery shells. The German army fielded the Minenwerfer, a muzzle loaded trench mortar with a rifled barrel and recoiling system like a field gun. Smoothbore, muzzle loaded Allied trench mortars used a fixed firing pin to ignite propellant in the base of a finned shell. Field howitzers fired a lower velocity shell, generally from 150mm to 280mm in diameter, which were loaded separately from bagged or cased propellant. Shell types are divided into those fired from field artillery systems (guns and howitzers), and those fired from mortars.īreech loading, rifled light field guns, generally from 37mm to 105mm in diameter, were fed with unitized ammunition, consisting of a shell, smokeless powder or cordite propellant, and primer loaded in a fixed metallic case.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |